Pterygiums are primarily chronic damage of the conjunctiva, the clear layer covering the white part of the eye (sclera). Other factors that can contribute to the development of pterygium include:

• Environmental irritants: Wind, dust, sand and smoke.
• Chronic dry eyes: People with dry eye syndrome may be more prone to developing pterygiums due to inadequate tear film protection.
• Genetic factors: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition, making them more likely to develop pterygiums.

Initially, there may be no symptoms. However, as a pterygium becomes more developed, it disturbs the smooth surface of the eye and causes grittiness and irritation. Pterygia can become sore and red when inflamed.

If a pterygium grows onto the cornea, vision can be disturbed if it causes scarring or alters the shape. In extreme cases, a pterygium can grow directly into the line of sight.

Early irritation can be treated with artificial tears to lubricate the eye or anti-inflammatory drops, if needed.

Surgery to remove the pterygium is recommended if the discomfort affects quality of life, the appearance of the growth becomes a cosmetic concern, or if it begins to interfere with vision.

The procedure is performed using topical anaesthetic drops and takes around 30 minutes to perform. After removal of the pterygium, a small amount of tissue is taken from the conjunctiva under the eyelid to repair the treated area and aid quicker healing. This graft not only helps protect the healing surface but also reduces the likelihood of the pterygium returning. The surgery is typically an outpatient procedure.

The eye may be uncomfortable for a few days and can appear reddened while healing. You may also experience mild irritation, a gritty sensation, and some tearing as the eye recovers. It’s important to follow post-treatment care instructions to ensure proper healing and minimise the risk of infection. Some general tips include:

Attend follow-up appointments with your doctor

• Use prescribed medication
• Avoid rubbing your eyes
• Wear sunglasses
• Limit screen time